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- *****************************************************************
- * Neutral zinc metallopeptidases, zinc-binding region signature *
- *****************************************************************
-
- The majority of zinc-dependent metallopeptidases (with the notable exception
- of the carboxypeptidases) share a common pattern of primary structure [1,2] in
- the part of their sequence involved in the binding of zinc, and can be
- grouped together as a family on the basis of this sequence similarity. The
- proteases which are currently known to belong to this family are listed below
- (references are only provided for recently determined sequences).
-
- - Mammalian extracellular matrix metalloproteinases (known as matrixins) [3]:
- MMP-1 (EC 3.4.24.7) (interstitial collagenase), MMP-2 (EC 3.4.24.24) (72 Kd
- gelatinase), MMP-9 (EC 3.4.24.35) (92 Kd gelatinase), MMP-7 (EC 3.4.24.23)
- (matrylisin), MMP-8 (EC 3.4.24.34) (neutrophil collagenase), MMP-3
- (EC 3.4.24.17) (stromelysin-1), MMP-10 (EC 3.4.24.22) (stromelysin-2), and
- MMP-11 (stromelysin-3).
- - Mammalian neprilysin (EC 3.4.24.11) (neutral endopeptidase) (NEP).
- - Astacin (EC 3.4.24.21), a crayfish endoprotease.
- - Meprin A (EC 3.4.24.18), a mammalian kidney and intestinal brush border
- metalloendopeptidase.
- - Thimet oligopeptidase (EC 3.4.24.15), a mammalian enzyme involved in the
- cytoplasmic degradation of small peptides.
- - PABA-peptide hydrolase, a human intestine membrane protease.
- - Yeast saccharolysin (EC 3.4.24.37) (proteinase yscD) [4].
- - Angiotensin-converting enzyme (EC 3.4.15.1) (dipeptidyl carboxypeptidase I)
- (ACE) the enzyme responsible for hydrolyzing angiotensin I to angiotensin
- II. There are two forms of ACE: a testis-specific isozyme and a somatic
- isozyme which has two active centers [5].
- - Mammalian aminopeptidase N (EC 3.4.11.2).
- - Yeast aminopeptidase yscII.
- - Mammalian glutamyl aminopeptidase (EC 3.4.11.7) (BP-1/6C3 antigen). It may
- play a role in regulating growth and differentiation of early B-lineage
- cells.
- - Mitochondrial intermediate peptidase precursor (EC 3.4.24.59) (MIP). It is
- involved the second stage of processing of some proteins imported in the
- mitochondrion.
- - Snake venom metalloproteinases [6]. This subfamily mostly groups proteases
- that act in hemorrhage. Examples are: atrolysin C/D (EC 3.4.24.42),
- trimerelysin I (EC 3.4.25.52) and II (EC 3.4.25.53).
- - Sea urchin hatching enzyme (envelysin) (EC 3.4.24.12). A protease that
- allows the embryo to digest the protective envelope derived from the egg
- extracellular matrix.
- - Embryonic hatching proteins LCE and HCE from the fish Oryzias lapides.
- - Chlamydomonas reinhardtii gamete lytic enzyme (GLE) [7].
- - Kell blood group glycoprotein [8], a major antigenic protein of Human
- erythrocytes. The Kell protein is very probably a zinc endopeptidase.
- - Bone morphogenic protein 1 (BMP-1), a protein which induces cartilage and
- bone formation and which expresses metalloendopeptidase activity. The
- Drosophila homolog of BMP-1 is the dorsal-ventral patterning protein
- tolloid.
- - Leishmanolysin (EC 3.4.24.36) (surface glycoprotein gp63), a cell surface
- protease from various species of Leishmania.
-
- - Thermostable thermolysins (EC 3.4.24.27), and related thermolabile neutral
- proteases (bacillolysins) (EC 3.4.24.28) from various species of Bacillus.
- - Pseudolysin (EC 3.4.24.26) from Pseudomonas aeruginosa (gene lasB).
- - Serralysin (EC 3.4.24.40), an extracellular metalloprotease from Serratia.
- - Secreted proteases B and C from Erwinia chrysanthemi.
- - Extracellular proteinase proA from Legionella pneumophila.
- - Immune inhibitor A from Bacillus thuringiensis (gene ina). Ina degrades two
- classes of insect antibacterial proteins, attacins and cecropins.
- - Extracellular neutral metalloprotease from Streptomyces cacaoi.
- - Escherichia coli and Salmonella typhiumurium dipeptidyl carboxypeptidase
- (gene dcd).
- - Escherichia coli and Salmonella typhiumurium oligopeptidase A (gene opdA or
- prlC).
- - Escherichia coli aminopeptidase N (gene pepN).
-
- - Clostridial neurotoxins, including tetanus toxin (TeTx) and the various
- botulinum toxins (BoNT). These toxins are zinc proteases that block
- neurotransmitter release by proteolytic cleavage of synaptobrevins [9].
-
- - Leukotriene A-4 hydrolase (EC 3.3.2.6). This enzyme is responsible for the
- hydrolysis of an epoxide moiety of LTA-4 to form LTB-4; it has been shown
- [10] that it binds zinc and is capable of peptidase activity.
-
- From the tertiary structure of thermolysin, the position of the residues
- acting as zinc ligands and those involved in the catalytic activity are known.
- Two of the zinc ligands are histidines which are very close together in the
- sequence; C-terminal to the first histidine is a glutamic acid residue which
- acts as a nucleophile and promotes the attack of a water molecule on the
- carbonyl carbon of the substrate. A signature pattern which includes the two
- histidine and the glutamic acid residues is sufficient to detect this family
- of proteins.
-
- -Consensus pattern: [STALIV]-x(2)-H-E-[LIVMFYW]-{DEHRKP}-H-x-[LIVMFYWGQ]
- [The two H's are zinc ligands]
- [E is the active site residue]
- -Sequences known to belong to this class detected by the pattern: ALL, except
- for the Streptomyces cacaoi protease which has Ala in the position following
- the active site Glu.
- -Other sequence(s) detected in SWISS-PROT: 17; including Neurospora crassa
- conidiation-specific protein 13 [11] which could be a zinc-protease.
- -Last update: June 1994 / Text revised.
-
- [ 1] Jongeneel C.V., Bouvier J., Bairoch A.
- FEBS Lett. 242:211-214(1989).
- [ 2] Murphy G.J.P., Murphy G., Reynolds J.J.
- FEBS Lett. 289:4-7(1991).
- [ 3] Woessner J. Jr.
- FASEB J. 5:2145-2154(1991).
- [ 4] Buchler M., Tisljar U., Wolf D.H.
- Eur. J. Biochem. 219:627-639(1994).
- [ 5] Ehlers M.R., Riordan J.F.
- Biochemistry 30:7118-7126(1991).
- [ 6] Hite L.A., Fox J.W., Bjarnason J.B.
- Biol. Chem. Hoppe-Seyler 373:381-385(1992).
- [ 7] Kinoshita T., Fukuzawa H., Shimada T., Saito T., Matsuda Y.
- Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 89:4693-4697(1992).
- [ 8] Lee S., Zambas E.D., Marsh W.L., Redman C.M.
- Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 88:6353-6357(1991).
- [ 9] Montecucco C., Schiavo G.
- Trends Biochem. Sci. 18:324-327(1993).
- [10] Medina J.F., Wetterholm A., Radmark O., Shapiro R., Haeggstroem J.Z.,
- Vallee B.L., Samuelsson B.
- Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 88:7620-7624(1991).
- [11] Hager K.M., Yanofsky C.
- Gene 96:153-159(1990).
-